First draft prepared

Explanation............................................................................... 8 Biological data .......................................................................... 9 Biochemical aspects .......................................................... 9 Toxicological studies .......................................................... 11 Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity ....................................... 11 Haematoxicity .............................................................. 13 Observations in humans .................................................... 15 Problems in trade caused by residues in foods ...................... 18 Analytical methods ................................................................... 22 Preparation of the primary extract of the sample .............. 22 Purification of the primary extract ...................................... 23 Detection and quantification of residues of chloramphenicol........................................................... 23 Production, occurrence and fate of chloramphenicol in the environment ....................................................... 26 Discovery............................................................................ 26 Biosynthesis ....................................................................... 26 Production and stability in soil ........................................... 26 Environmental fate of chloramphenicol.............................. 28 Results of environmental monitoring for chloramphenicol........................................................... 31 Microbial resistance to chloramphenoicol in the environment—is it an argument for the presence of the drug? ................................................. 32 Feed and soil intakes and growth of some terrestrial farm animals ................................................................ 33 Pigs ............................................................................... 33 Chicken .............................................................................. 35 Cattle ............................................................................... 35 Hypothetical intake of chloramphenicol from the environment by soil ingestion ...................................... 35 Soil ingestion by farm animals........................................... 35 Intake of chloramphenicol and resulting residues in tissues ............................................................... 36 Pigs .............................................................................. 36 Chickens ...................................................................... 41 Hypothetical exposure to persisting environmental residues... 43